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Kako
dijete uči govoriti?
U prvoj
godini života dijete samo pokušava odgonetnuti kod, tj. koji paket
zvukova se upotrebljava. Postoji oko 7.000 govornih zvukova, zavisno
od jezika, koje dijete čuje dok se u jednom jeziku koriste samo
40 do 50 zvukova. Zato u prvoj godini života dijete samo gleda i
sluša pa je doista težak dio posla shvatiti kako to funkcionira.
Što roditelji mogu učiniti?
Jedinu pomoć koju možete dati je razgovor, odnosno ispričati djetetu
sve što ga okružuje. Što više riječi kažete svome djetetu to će
prije ono progovoriti. (To je mišljenje psihoanalitičarke Janellen
Huttenlocher, Chicago University) Kada dijete progovori, pa i ako
je krivo nešto izgovorilo, nikada ga ne ispravljajte jer mu time
nećete pomoći. Dovoljno je da vi ispravno izgovarate riječi i dijete
će samo ispraviti pogrešku.
DVOJEZIČNI ODGOJ DJETETA
Istraživanja su pokazala da učenje drugog jezika u ranoj dobi pospješuje
mentalni razvoj djeteta.
''Children
gain some abstract abilities,'' says Jean Berko Gleason, a psychology
professor at Boston University. For instance, if kids understand
that a dog may be called a dog or ''chien,'' Gleason says, they
understand that there is a separation between a thing and the name
of the thing.
Stacy Wells :Research has shown that bilingual youngsters are more
imaginative, better with abstract notions and more flexible in their
thinking than one-language children.
Preschoolers who can speak two languages learn to read more quickly
than their monolingual peers, reports Kenji Hakuta, psychology professor
at Yale and author of The Mirror of Language: The Debate on Bilingualism
(Basic Books, 1986). Hakuta says that reading involves the same
skills as speaking two dialects. Learning that two sounds are symbols
for the same objet makes it easier for the child to understand that
a printed world is a symbol also.
For years, many parents worried that their children would be confused
by absorbing two languages at the same time. However, researchers
are finding that those raised in a bilingual home begin to talk
a little later but that, once they talk, they show a better understanding
of the way language works than other children do.
Catherine Snow, associate professor at Harvard's Graduate School
of Education, studied English-speaking adults and children learning
Dutch and determined that if an adult and a child have equal exposure
to a second language, the adult will learn it faster. Adults, she
says, understand how languages work and have strategies for remembering
words and grammar that are more developed than children's."
Sa
6 mjeseci života dijete aktivno slaže zvučnu mapu svoga jezika i
pomalo gubi osjećaj za zvuk drugog, stranog jezika. Do godine dana
života mapa je složena. Neki su naučnici mišljenja da se već tada
gubi sposobnost djeteta da drugi jezik govori bez akcenta, dok drugi
rok produžuju do 10 godine života. Kada se uči novi jezik, djeca
iz dvojezične govorne skupine nauče ga puno brže. Dijelom zato što,
dok su tako mali, nisu opterećeni čudnim novim zvukovima koji dolaze
s učenjem izgovora novog jezika i fleksibilniji zato što im je već
poznat modul po kojem jezici funkcioniraju.
Kada
dijete u jednoj rečenici izmiješa dva jezika
Korištenje
oba jezika u jednoj rečenici znak je da dijete među njima ne pravi
razliku, što nije znak da je zbunjeno kao što je nekada bilo mišljenje.
Novija istraživanja su pokazala da dijete koje ubaci riječ iz jednog
jezika u drugi time koristi prednosti bogatstva jezika. Djeca će
to najčešće učiniti u prisutstvu ljudi za koje znaju da razumiju
oba jezika.
Problemi?
- Primarna
je ideja da je djetetu lakše naučiti novi jezik i da je za to
potreban vrlo mali napor. Za jedan jezik djetetu, ne bi li vodio
suvislu konverzaciju, potrebne su tri godine, ali treba puno više
od toga. Djetetu je potrebno da se nađe u velikom broju raznih
situacija ne bi li naučilo govoriti. No kada dođe u školu dijete
će imati kontakt s pisanjem i čitanjem samo jednog jezika (odnosno
može se desiti da jezik kojeg ga vi učite nije u školskom programu
učenja stranog jezika) u tom slučaju preporuka bi bila da odvojite
vrijeme ili uzmete pomoć za poduku.
- Nikada
nemojte kažnjavati dijete što koristi ili ne koristi jedan od
jezika. S obzirom na to da je koncept vezan uz jake emocije provjerite
zašto dijete odbija dalje koristiti drugi jezik. Možda mu se rugaju
druga djeca. Morate znati da se u ranoj dobi naučeni jezik ne
može izgubiti i lako ga je kasnije nastaviti (strpljivo pomozite
dijetetu da riješi ovaj problem).
Books
Danas
postoji 20 knjiga o dvojezičnom odgoju djeteta
- Baker,
Colin. A Parents' and Teachers' Guide to Bilingualism. Multilingual
Matters, Ltd.: Clevedon, 1995.
An invaluable resource, this text discusses an exhaustive list
of 117 questions on the subject of bilingual parenting. This is
one you should consider buying.
- Extra,
Guus and Ludo Verhoeven, editors. The Cross-Linguistic Study of
Bilingual Development. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science:
Amsterdam, 1994.
The proceedings of an International Workshop on Bilingual Development
in Amsterdam. Contains academic articles which give interesting
insights into bilingualism.
- Romaine,
Suzanne. Bilingualism. Blackwell: Oxford, 1995.
Textbook describing interesting and valuable information about
bilingualism, including chapters on the bilingual speech community,
the bilingual brain, code-switching, the bilingual child, bilingualism
and education, attitudes toward bilingualism.
- Kloss,
H. (1998). The American Bilingual Tradition. Washington, DC: ERIC
Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics. The book is available
from Delta Systems (call 1-800-323-8270). You may also order it
from Delta Systems' Web Site.
- Christian,
Donna; Montone, Chris; Lindholm, Kathryn; and Carranza, Isolda.
(1997) Profiles in Two-Way Immersion Education. Washington, DC:
Center for Applied Linguistics. Available from Delta Systems.
This book features 3 schools that have been implementing different
variations of two-way immersion programs for at least 10 years.
- Baker,
C., and Jones, S.P. (1998). The Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and
Bilingual Education. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. This
book devotes three pages to enumerating the many advantages of
bilingualism. These encompass communicative, cognitive, and cultural
advantages.
- Crawford,
J. (1999). Bilingual Education: History, Politics, Theory, and
Practice, 4th Edition Los Angeles: Bilingual Educational Services,
1999. Call (800) 448-6032 to order the book. It is also available
online.
Listservs
Bilingual
Families Discussion List is a listserv for families who are
raising their children bilingually. To subscribe, send a message
to biling-fam-subscribe@nethelp.no.
Leave the subject and message fields blank.
The
Foreign Language Teaching Forum (FLTEACH) is the major listserv
for foreign language teachers, with lively and informative discussions.
The FLTEACH archives contain numerous discussions about early foreign
language learning. To subscribe, leave the subject line blank; send
the message SUB FLTEACH FIRSTNAME LASTNAME to listserv@listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu.
Web
Sites
- Bilingual
Families Web page is a place for bilingual parents to find
information and resources to help them raise their children bilingually.
This organization also maintains a listserv. To subscribe, send
a message to majordomo@nvg.unit.no. In the body of the message
type SUBSCRIBE BILING-FAM YOUREMAILADDRESS.
- Bilingual
Parenting in a Foreign Language Web site is geared toward
parents interested in raising their children to speak a foreign
language that is not native to either parent, but has many links
to resources of interest to all bilingual families.
Anija Škrobonja |
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